Iron Dynamics in Pakistani Agroecosystems: A Review

Abstract

Iron (Fe) is an important micronutrient in agroecosystem performing key roles in plants like photosynthesis, respiration, and enzymatic activity but its bio availability in calcareous and alkaline soils of Pakistan remains a significant challenge. Although iron is present in abundance in earth’s crust but most often it is present in insoluble ferric oxides and hydroxides, this restricts iron uptake by major crops such as wheat, rice, maize, and pulses. In this review we will discuss current understanding of iron dynamics in Pakistani soils, and how soil chemistry, pH, redox potential, organic matter, irrigation regimes, and microbial interactions influence iron solubility and plant uptake. We highlight plant adaptive mechanisms like rhizosphere acidification, reduction of ferric to ferrous forms, and Phyto-siderophore release this enables survival under iron limited conditions, while also discuss the physiological impact of deficiency such as chlorosis, impaired photosynthesis, and reduced yield quality. Agronomic practices, ranging from iron enriched fertilizers and foliar sprays to organic amendments, biochar applications, and microbial siderophore inoculation, are discussed as sustainable approaches to increase iron availability. It is important to note that soil may be rich in iron, many people mainly women and children suffer from iron deficiency. This highlights close connection between soil health, plant nutrition and human. Bio fortification techniques, integrated soil reclamation, and nutrition focused research are therefore important to fill this gap, ensuring both agricultural productivity and improved public health. By consolidating findings from soil science, crop physiology, and nutrition, this review provides practical insight for researchers, agronomist and policymakers which are looking to improve food security and reduce iron deficiency through sustainable iron management in Pakistan’s agroecosystems.