Boron Deficiency in Pakistani Soils and Its Impact on Cotton Physiology

Abstract

Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient critical for plant growth and development, playing a vital role in cell wall synthesis, membrane integrity, and reproductive processes. Despite its importance, boron deficiency is a prevalent issue in Pakistan, significantly affecting soil fertility and crop productivity. This review consolidates findings from various studies, highlighting the alarming extent of boron deficiency across different regions of Pakistan. Results from several studies reveal that boron deficiency varies widely, ranging from 5% to over 92% in soil samples, depending on the region, soil type, and cropping systems. Critical deficiencies have been reported in major agricultural areas such as Punjab, Sindh, Kashmir, and the Pothohar plateau, with implications for key crops including wheat, cotton, rice, and orchards. These deficiencies often result from calcareous soil conditions, high soil pH, and improper nutrient management practices. Addressing boron deficiency through balanced fertilization strategies, precision agriculture, and region-specific interventions is crucial to improving crop yields and ensuring sustainable agricultural production in Pakistan. This review provides an insightful synthesis of the spatial extent, causes, and impacts of boron deficiency, emphasizing the need for targeted soil and crop management strategies to mitigate this critical issue.