Lumpy Skin Disease: A Global Threat to Livestock Health and Economy

Abstract

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is caused by Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV), a member of the Capripoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. LSD was first introduced in Zambia in the 1920s, Since then LSD has been transported to parts of Asia, the Middle East, and Europe and presents a real danger to livestock. It is mainly spread by biting insects, such as mosquitoes, ticks, flies, and direct contact. LSD can be diagnosed clinically by features like fever, enlarged lymph nodes, punched-out skin lesions that slough or ulcerate, as well as respiratory and gastrointestinal involvement. Animals affected by this disease have lower milk yields, sterility, and secondary infections that lead to substantial economic losses. Morbidity is often high and may differ widely between species and herds, while mortality is usually low but may rise in cases of serious outbreaks in animals with weak immunity. PCR, serological tests, or viral isolation often do confirmation of the diagnosis. Several strategies can be implemented, such as improving stewardship, including biosecurity measures, controlling vectors, and vaccinations. For controlling LSD outbreaks, live attenuated and recombinant vaccines are most commonly used, with certain difficulties in reaching coverage in affected areas. Direct economic losses caused by LSD are attributed to a decrease in output, restrictions on trade, and an increase in veterinary costs. A qualitative study of the geographical spread of LSD indicates that there is a growing need for better surveillance activities as well as cooperation among countries. This review aims to understand the papers on LSD from epidemiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic techniques, and lastly, addressing the principles of control of LSD with a focus on preventive methods.