Poultry-Associated Salmonella: Crossroads of Pathogenicity and Antimicrobial Resistance: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Salmonella is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that causes a range of barriers to public health, agriculture, and food security. This review pays attention to the topics including taxonomy, characteristics of Salmonella spp., their pathogenicity, and potential ramifications on public health, with a special emphasis on poultry association and food-borne contamination. The way virulence factors such as Salmonella Pathogenicity Islands (SPIs) help the bacterium to avoid immune responses and form infections are considered. Also, in this review, the author addresses the growing problem of AMR in Salmonella, mainly attributed to the misuse of antibiotics in poultry, resulting in MDR and ESBL-producing bacteria. Novel detection technologies including genomic hotspot scanning and whole-genome sequencing, as well as other approaches that can be regarded as innovative are discussed, including phage therapy and infection control and biosecurity measures. This approach, with a focus on the One Health concept, identifies future directions for sample control and prevention of human and animal health risks associated with Salmonella infection