Investigating the Feeding and Breeding Habits of the Greater Short-Toed Lark in Gujranwala, Pakistan

Abstract

The greater short-toed lark (Calandrella brachydactyla) is a small passerine bird with a distinctive pale appearance, commonly found in dry climates and open cultivated areas. During winter, most of the population migrates southward, reaching the South Asian region. Despite its large population size, the greater short-toed lark is experiencing a noticeable decline. This study examines the morphological characteristics of this species in the Gujranwala district of Punjab, Pakistan. Samples were collected from three locations: Wahndo, Narang Mandi, and Talwandi Bhindran, over a period from mid-September 2019 to mid-March 2020. Using fine nets, a total of 52 birds (33 males and 19 females) were captured and analyzed for ten morphological parameters including body weight, total length, wingspan, primary wing, tail length, tarsal, metatarsal, body circumference, beak length, and head length. Measurements were taken in the lab using Vernier calipers and analyzed with SPSS-21 software. Results indicated non-significant differences (P>0.05) between males and females in most parameters, although males generally had higher mean values except for metatarsal and head length. The study found males had a mean body weight of 31.09 g compared to 29.38 g for females, and mean total length of 18.38 cm versus 17.84cm for females. The wingspan ranged from 10.40 cm to 16.50 cm in males with a mean of 13.77 cm, and 13.61 cm in females. Primary wing lengths averaged 10.28cm for males and 10.02cm for females, while tail lengths were 7.37cm and 7.27cm, respectively. Body circumference averaged 9.88cm for males and 9.83cm for females. These findings offer crucial insights into the ecological and morphological traits of Calandrella brachydactyla, emphasizing the need for ongoing monitoring to understand its response to environmental changes.