Influence of Agroforestry Practices, Sampling Depth, and Canopy Cover on Soil Physicochemical Properties in Waterlogged Areas of Faisalabad

Abstract

Waterlogging significantly alters soil physical and chemical properties, reducing soil health and productivity in affected regions. This study evaluated the role of agroforestry practices in improving soil conditions across three waterlogged sites in District Faisalabad (Chak Jhumra, Sitana, and Sangla Hill). Soil samples were collected at two depths (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) under two canopy positions (under canopy and away from canopy) to assess variations in soil pH, EC, organic matter, bulk density, saturation percentage, and macronutrient contents (N, P, K). Results showed significant differences among sites, depths, and canopy positions. Chak Jhumra consistently exhibited the highest soil pH, EC, nutrient availability, and organic matter, while Sangla Hill showed the lowest values across most parameters. Surface soils (0-15 cm) generally contained higher nutrient concentrations and organic matter but lower bulk density compared to deeper layers. Canopy presence markedly improved soil quality, with higher N, P, K contents and organic matter recorded under canopy compared to away from canopy. These improvements are attributed to litter deposition, moderated soil microclimate, and reduced erosion. The findings demonstrate that agroforestry practices positively influence soil fertility and structure in waterlogged environments and highlight the importance of canopy management and depth-specific assessment for soil reclamation strategies.