Phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential of Moringa oleifera from the Cholistan Desert: Implications for human nutrition

Abstract

Moringa oleifera is widely recognized as a nutrient-dense plant with potential applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of Moringa oleifera collected from the Cholistan Desert, Pakistan. Leaves, stems, bark and roots were analyzed for proteins, saponins, phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, POD, APX, CAT) using standard spectrophotometric and biochemical assays. Leaves contained the highest protein (27.9 g/kg), phenolic (173 mg GAE/g), and flavonoid (84 mg QE/g) levels, as well as the strongest antioxidant enzyme activities. Stems, bark and roots exhibited moderate values, while roots consistently showed the lowest concentrations. These findings highlight leaves as the richest source of bioactive compounds and antioxidants. The high content of dietary proteins, phenolics and flavonoids, coupled with strong antioxidant capacity, suggests that Moringa oleifera leaves from the Cholistan Desert are a promising ingredient for functional food development. Further studies on bioavailability and clinical efficacy are needed to confirm their role in promoting human health.